This study analyzes a hybrid off-grid energy system in Chlef, (El Hadjadj). It combines PV
panels (with various tracking systems), a diesel generator, and batteries. Four configurations
are assessed: fixed-tilt, HSAT, VSAT, and DAT, using MPPT optimization. HOMER Pro
simulations show DAT yields the most energy (37,788 kWh/year). The fixed-tilt at 38° is the
most economical (NPC: \$21,985; COE: \$0.0863/kWh). Results highlight the trade-off
between energy performance and cost for remote areas